The importance of expert systems in the decision making process Essay

The importance of expert systems in the decision making process - Essay Example Expert systems can be used by mangers to make official decision process and to clarify the reasoning process employed to make decisions. Expert systems have provided so many facilities in the management decision-making process and the process turned out to be faster and more consistent. This research paper based on theme of the analysis of the importance of 'Expert system' in the management decision making process.This paper provides the research on the importance of 'Expert System' in the Management Decision Making Process. It provides information in such a way that every aspect of the expert system of the Decision Making can be addressed. First of all this paper will present a brief introduction and background of the expert systems, and then it will present the structure of the expert system, the next section contains how expert system can work for the management of enterprise. The next section is literature review of the relevant research and development in the same field, for thi s purpose it will discuss the development and results of the COMMU expert system, then the proceeding section discusses expert system in business management/ financial markets discussion, here the main point of discussion would be that how expert system become beneficial for the business management and how it can support decision making process. The next section is regarding expert systems & decision support association. The proceeding section will articulate few inabilities of expert system regarding decision making. Then the next section contains the conclusion and references. Artificial intelligence or AI is a field of computer science which has concerned a group of computer specialists in current years. AI is the study of how to create computers doing things at which, at the moment, people are better. AI has two major objectives (Kenneth, 1998). The first purpose is to form an intelligent machine. The second intend is to find out regarding the environment of intelligence. AI can be separated into three comparatively independent research areas: 1) Expert systems, 2) Natural language and 3) Robotics Of the three areas, expert systems development is the mainly important practical application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Kenneth, 1998). One of the most recent and mainly promising information technologies is the expert system or ES. An expert system is a computer program that impersonators the decision making behavior and technique of the human expert and permits computing power to be applied to jobs those necessitate the dealing out of human knowledge (Adrian et al, 1990). Because of its intelligent abilities it has been suggested that expert system technology will have a remarkable effect on the workplace. An expert system is a computer program that goes behind human proficiency whether it is gained directly from experts or from written sources like regulations. The main reimbursements are several as given below: (Terry et al, 2000) Enhanced decision making Making eminence and reliability Minimizing Costs Extension of organizational awareness These programs are fairly diverse in their function, which comprise guidance to fresh employees, user friendly front-ends to databases, and still the making of decisions for employees by means of the expert's reasoning. Research in artificial intelligence has led to the intensification and expansion of expert systems (Terry et al, 2000). Expert system is also an elevated performance exceptional system which is developed by "confining" and coding the skill and knowledge of a specialist using unique computer language that is special for the expert system. The thought is that the consequential computer system be able to then hold out the similar level of service to a user as the original and innovative expert (Joseph et al, 2005). Developing expert systems engages two basic steps before authentic

Far from the Madding Crowd Essay Example for Free

Far from the Madding Crowd Essay He admits to Bathsheba at the beginning of the novel that, But I cant match you, I know, in mapping out my mind upon my tongue. He is not a man of words, unlike Troy and Boldwood, but proves that actions can speak louder than words. He is unable to speak the flattery that Troy can, or be as persistent and persuasive as Boldwood is, but in his devoted actions to Bathsheba, by being the hard and diligent worker that he is, he is rewarded in the end, by giving the opportunity to offer Bathsheba the love that he had talked of to her when he had first met her. In contrast to Gabriel, Francis Troy is a man who appears to understand only what he can get out of love. He does not believe in treating women fairly, and which is expressed as he says, treat them fairly and you are a lost man, when referring to women. Hardy also writes about his consistency when telling the truth; He was moderately truthful towards men, but to women he lied like a cretan. By lying to women he found it easy to get what he wanted, as Hardy describes him; he spoke fluently and unceasingly. At the beginning, Hardy remarks that a womans greatest fault is her Vanity. Troy, as he possesses such ease with the words he uses, has learnt that a womans weakness is her vanity, and knows that by flattering them he can get what he wants. This is precisely what he did with Bathsheba, and like her, he felt some sense of triumph when he saw that he had succeeded in weakening the women he flattered, as she did with the men she flirted with. However, instead of making the women he met feel confident, his flattery merely destroyed them, as they became dependent upon him to feed their vain needs. Troy did not have the emotional sense of love, but instead he felt the physical attraction to the women he met. This meant that he only got involved with beautiful women, as it was their beauty that attracted them to him. Even after having left Bathsheba for so long, when he saw her again at Greenhill Sheep Fair, it was her beauty that found unexpected chords of feeling, to be stirred again within him The way in which Troy judged by appearances was perhaps inevitably the cause of his failed marriage to Bathsheba, because he had not got to know Bathsheba as a person, but simply looked at her, as a symbol of beauty. In some ways it could be said that he looked at the women as trophies that he had won. Troy was also a man driven by wealth. Bathsheba, who had come into wealth after the inheritance of the lease of Weatherbury Farm, would have been even more attractive to him as she now had money. We know that he was driven by money, as he used to bet on the horses, which put considerable financial strain on Bathsheba. This was probably the reason why he did not marry Fanny, due to her financial instability. Money was also the reason why he did not return to Bathsheba initially after landing at Liverpool, as Hardy writes, what a life such a future of poverty would be. This, unlike the love felt by Gabriel, was a selfish form of love, because he only ever though of himself. He had a very superficial view of love, which required wealth in order to make him happy. Troys opinions of love did not include the idea of commitment, and another reason for the failure of his marriage could be due to his womanising and flirtatious behaviour. We learn near to the end of the novel that his opinion of marriage is negative and he sees it not as the beginning of two peoples lives together, but as he says himself, all romances end at marriage. He also did not believe in the idea of equality, and shared responsibilities in a relationship, as he abandons Fanny with the great burden of an unborn child to deal with alone. This is probably due to his carefree opinion of sex, which he also valued as much as he did love. Troy did not value love as anything special, and this could be put down to the fact that he had a very unstable background, and an uncertain upbringing. His profession would also have something to do with his opinion of women, and as a soldier, he probably never had to deal with women and did not understand them. This is why he tried to possess them, and this destroyed them. Hardy has some very clear opinions that he wishes to get across to the reader in this novel. He uses the characters as tools, to create a picture for the readers, expressing his personal views on love. He rewards those characters that see love as a simple but precious thing, and he shows how much he admires Gabriel Oak for his powers of endurance, by rewarding him with Bathsheba in the end. In contrast, he punishes those characters that take love too lightly. An example of this is the attitude of Troy which end is death in the end. Hardy warns us of the great power of love and how dangerous it can be. The obsession that Boldwood felt for Bathsheba, is another feeling that he condemns, and shows how life can be ruined because of obsession. This is shown by the lifelong imprisonment of Boldwood. Hardys opinions of love are really exposed at the end of the novel, when he describes his own thoughts about how truelove can develop. He uses Bathsheba and Gabriel as an example of how true love can develop. They were tried friends who enjoyed good-fellowship and comraderie. The main message Hardy is trying to get across to us is that love cannot hide behind a fake face. He writes that in order for a successful relationship to take place, you must know the rougher sides of each others character. This is the love Hardy describes to be the only love which is as strong as death- that love which many waters cannot quench, nor the floods drown.

Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Ve

Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Venice Any theatrical performance requires a two-fold exchange. The performers must act in such a way as to engage the audience and draw them into the story of the stage. However, the audience itself must yield to the imagination, allowing at times the irrational to take precedent over rational expectations. This exchange between performers and audience creates the dramatic experience; one cannot exist without the other. In the context of Shakespeare's works this relationship becomes exceedingly important. Not only was scenery minimal on the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage, thus forcing audience members to imagine great battles, enchanted forests, and ornate palace courts, but the absence of actresses put an increased burden on the audience's imagination and actors' performance because young, cross-dressed boys performed all female roles. Though the rational logic of the audience recognized the performer as male, the imaginative mind had to assume a feminine gender. Robert Kimbrough has noted: â€Å"people going to the theatre check their literal-mindedness at the door and willingly believe anything they are asked to believe; the theatre is where illusion becomes reality† (17). This reality demonstrated on the stage flourishes in the mind of the audience member where both rational comprehension and imagination coexist. Thus, though it has been argued that the boy actors' cross-dressing allows for a potential â€Å"sodomitical† pleasure to the male audience member (Sedinger 69), such a relationship seems highly unlikely given the nature of theater and the imaginative/rational relationship. It is necessary to understand Shakespeare's female cha... ...-33. Howard, Jean E. â€Å"Crossdressing, the Theatre, and Gender Struggle in Early Modern England.† Shakespeare Quarterly 39.4 (1988): 418-40. Newman, Karen. â€Å"Portia's Ring: Unruly Women and Structure of Exchange in The Merchant of Venice.† Shakespeare Quarterly 38.1 (1987): 19-33. Orgel, Stephen, and A. R. Braunmiller, eds. The Complete Pelican Shakespeare . New York: Penguin, 2002. Rackin, Phyllis. â€Å"Androgyny, Mimesis, and the Marriage of the Boy Heroine on the English Renaissance Stage.† PMLA 102.1 (1987): 29-41. Sedinger, Tracey. â€Å"‘If sight and shape be true': The Epistemology of Crossdressing on the London Stage.† Shakespeare Quarterly 48.1 (1997): 63-79. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It . Orgel and Braunmiller 407-37. ---. The Merchant of Venice . Orgel and Braunmiller 293–323. ---. Twelfth Night . Orgel and Braunmiller 446-73. Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Ve Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Venice Any theatrical performance requires a two-fold exchange. The performers must act in such a way as to engage the audience and draw them into the story of the stage. However, the audience itself must yield to the imagination, allowing at times the irrational to take precedent over rational expectations. This exchange between performers and audience creates the dramatic experience; one cannot exist without the other. In the context of Shakespeare's works this relationship becomes exceedingly important. Not only was scenery minimal on the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage, thus forcing audience members to imagine great battles, enchanted forests, and ornate palace courts, but the absence of actresses put an increased burden on the audience's imagination and actors' performance because young, cross-dressed boys performed all female roles. Though the rational logic of the audience recognized the performer as male, the imaginative mind had to assume a feminine gender. Robert Kimbrough has noted: â€Å"people going to the theatre check their literal-mindedness at the door and willingly believe anything they are asked to believe; the theatre is where illusion becomes reality† (17). This reality demonstrated on the stage flourishes in the mind of the audience member where both rational comprehension and imagination coexist. Thus, though it has been argued that the boy actors' cross-dressing allows for a potential â€Å"sodomitical† pleasure to the male audience member (Sedinger 69), such a relationship seems highly unlikely given the nature of theater and the imaginative/rational relationship. It is necessary to understand Shakespeare's female cha... ...-33. Howard, Jean E. â€Å"Crossdressing, the Theatre, and Gender Struggle in Early Modern England.† Shakespeare Quarterly 39.4 (1988): 418-40. Newman, Karen. â€Å"Portia's Ring: Unruly Women and Structure of Exchange in The Merchant of Venice.† Shakespeare Quarterly 38.1 (1987): 19-33. Orgel, Stephen, and A. R. Braunmiller, eds. The Complete Pelican Shakespeare . New York: Penguin, 2002. Rackin, Phyllis. â€Å"Androgyny, Mimesis, and the Marriage of the Boy Heroine on the English Renaissance Stage.† PMLA 102.1 (1987): 29-41. Sedinger, Tracey. â€Å"‘If sight and shape be true': The Epistemology of Crossdressing on the London Stage.† Shakespeare Quarterly 48.1 (1997): 63-79. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It . Orgel and Braunmiller 407-37. ---. The Merchant of Venice . Orgel and Braunmiller 293–323. ---. Twelfth Night . Orgel and Braunmiller 446-73.

Exports and Revival of Chickankari

Exports Generally considered a cottage industry, Indian Chikankari Industry has outgrown its image to evolve into a rapid growing industry with a turnover from US $ 1. 2 million to US$ 1. 9 billion in the last decade. There has been a consistent annual growth rate of more than 15 per cent over a 10-year period, from 3. 6% to a respectable 10% share in global embroidery exports. In 2008-2009, the exports of Indian handicrafts has shown an increase of US$ 298. 87 million, i. e. the exports increases by 10. 02% over the similar period during 2008-2009.The industry is expected to triple its export turnover to Rs. 39,000 crore by 2009-10 that in turn will also create around 2 lakh new job opportunities. Revival The industrial revolution and the increasing productivity had slowed down the growth and the quality of arts and crafts, but for some decades now, the scenario has changed and machine-made products no longer attract the people. Presently handicrafts are being considered as vocation al media and it is also opted for style statement and the leisure pursuit.Today, the crafts and craftspeople have a vital role to play in modern India – not just as part of its cultural and tradition, but as part of its economic future. The children in front of their small dingy houses play in the dust, and fight and cry through the day. But their noise hardly deters the women from stitching delicate designs on sarees, kurta pyjama, salwar kameez, shirts, bed-sheets, pillow covers, cushion covers, etc. Love for stitching It is their love for stitching which keeps the rich chikankari tradition alive in the culturally vibrant city of Lucknow. Around 2. lakh chikankari artisans in Lucknow and nearby Malihabad, Kakori, Unao, Bilagram, Alam Nagar, Bijnaur and Bilaspura villages earn Rs 15 to Rs 50 a day from chikankari work. Chikankari exports fetch more than $12. 5 million a year for the State and supports a million people in the entire supply chain.Though there is huge demand fo r chikankari work in the domestic and international markets, maintaining the craft's popularity is becoming a big problem. Large-scale mechanisation, entry of similar embroidery works from neighbouring countries, influence of middlemen and the disinterestedness of enior artisans caste a gloom on the craft's future. Senior artisans do not get the price they deserve. The growing societal indifference to aesthetic craft, aggressive consumerism and increasing influence of middlemen in the trade have eroded much of the skill and artistry — many fine chikankari stitching techniques such as kaudi, jodapati, dhumkipati, khjur ki pati, double bakhia, rahejka jakha and gol murri have almost disappeared. Gone are the days when senior chikankari artisans won accolades in the courts of kings and nawabs.It is believed the Moghul queen Noor Jahan was the creator of chikankari work. In fact, the origin of chikankari work goes beyond the medieval period. Greek traveller Megasthenes mentions a bout Indians making fine embroidery work on muslin cloth in 3 BC. In three phases The exotic chikankari work is made in three phases. The artisan first imagines the motifs of different flowers, creepers, birds, animals, geometric shapes, etc. Then the wooden blocks of the motifs are prepared to make an imprint on the cloth base.The artisans then blend different stitching techniques to instil life into those motifs which are then stitched on cotton, silk, georgette, chiffon and other fabrics. Images of Taj Mahal, temples, mosques, and so on, are woven on clothes with amazing dexterity. The State's handicraft department also provides computer-generated designs to artisans. Though there is no dearth of designs and innovation there is a shortage of skilled workers. Today, there are more daily wagers than real artists in Lucknow.Naseem Bano, the national award winner from Lucknow, still preserves the skill of making anokhi chikan which is known only to a few artisans in Lucknow. The arti san combines morie, kali and keherki stitching to make the subject look as if it is painted with a fine brush. It is believed the famous chikankari artisan Hasan Mirza had created anokhi chikan in the 1960s. Anokhi and other fine chikan work were as costly as gold in the western and European market. The skill and artistry of the chikankari craft must be preserved, as it has the potential to generate revenue and employment on a sustainable basis.

Greek Art – Continuity/Change over Time

Over time, a culture’s art will change or improve in some way. Some characteristics may remain the same while other characteristics change drastically. Art in the Archaic era and the Classical era had no emotion and unrealistic features, but the Classical era brought a sense of anatomy and movement to its art. In the Archaic era and Classical era, emotion was not present in art. Characters had plain expressions on their faces; their eyes told nothing, regardless of what they were doing. The Discobolus sculpture from the Classical era depicts a man who about to throw a disc, which was a common Greek sport. However, instead of competitive or determined look on his face, he is emotionless. The man’s face is blank, as if bored or tired. Another characteristic that remained constant throughout the Archaic era and Classical era was unrealistic features. Kouros, from the Archaic era, is an excellent example of the unnatural features from the two eras. Kouros is a statue of a man with stylized hair and blank eyes. During this time period, hair did not look natural and flowing, but stiff and dramatically detailed. Also, the eyes are blank and do not look as realistic as the eyes seen in later works of art. During the Classical era came around, art began to change and improve. First, the art of the Classical era showed some sense of anatomy. The Three-Seated Goddesses sculpture from the Classical era depicts this sense of anatomy. Although not perfect, the bodies of the goddesses portray the form of a woman through their dresses. Before the Classical era, art from the Archaic era did not exhibit any form such as this. Another change the Classical era brought to art was a sense of movement. During the Archaic era, sculptures portrayed people in stiff, unrealistic poses. In the Classical era, the body became more relaxed and had a more normal position. The Three-Seated Goddesses sculpture shows not only the enhanced sense of anatomy, but also the improvement in movement in the Classical era. The goddesses lounge on a seat, which looks more natural compared to the Kouros sculpture, where the man is standing rigidly with one foot in front of the other. Around the same time as the Archaic and Classical eras, the Zhou Dynasty of China was creating works of art. In 433 B. C. E. , the Bronze Bells were created. The Bronze Bells were created through bronze casting, a significant achievement at this time. Also, each bell can produce two different sounds, one from being hit in the center and one from being hit on the rim. These bells were thought to be used in rituals to communicate with supernatural forces. In conclusion, styles of art continue and change over time. Characteristics such as stylized features and emotionless faces remained constant between the Archaic era and the Classical era. However, in the Classical era, a sense of movement and anatomy was introduced to art. Time will continue to change cultures and their art, just as it influenced the changes and constants of Greek art between the Archaic era and the Classical era.

Free Essays on Communications Technology

Communication/ Media Technology This essay will be based on the life and works of some of the more noted innovators in the field of communication and media technology and will include a discussion around how technological advancement may have a detrimental effect on the lives of individuals and society as a whole. Early Methods  ¡Ã‚ ¥Communication ¡Ã‚ ¦ is the act of transmitting and receiving ideas, messages and information. When considering communication between two people it could be described as a by-product or outgrowth of various different methods of self expression that have developed over thousands of years: Gestures accompanied by sounds could have been the beginnings of language. Smoke signals as used by Native Americans, cave paintings and engravings from the Palaeolithic period dating as far back as 10,000  ¡V 40,000 BC are all forms of expression and are efforts to communicate thoughts and ideas. Long before the telephone was developed and became universally available and before the invention of the electric telegraph, communicating over any significant distance would undoubtedly have been protracted and frustrating with letter mail being among the most popular and relied upon method of communication. Semaphore It seems that  ¡Ã‚ ¥fast ¡Ã‚ ¦ long distance technology began during the French revolution, in the late eighteenth century, when French merchant Claude Chappe used a semaphore telegraph to send messages between the French army at Lille and Paris. This was achieved by using a relay system and by changing the position of the arms which were set upon a mast or tower. A message could be sent considerable distances and it was possible to send a semaphore telegraph the 240 kilometres from Lille to Paris in two minutes. Semaphore telegraphs continued to be popular until the early 19th century, until the electric telegraph was invented. Telegraph The electric telegraph was pioneered... Free Essays on Communications Technology Free Essays on Communications Technology Communication/ Media Technology This essay will be based on the life and works of some of the more noted innovators in the field of communication and media technology and will include a discussion around how technological advancement may have a detrimental effect on the lives of individuals and society as a whole. Early Methods  ¡Ã‚ ¥Communication ¡Ã‚ ¦ is the act of transmitting and receiving ideas, messages and information. When considering communication between two people it could be described as a by-product or outgrowth of various different methods of self expression that have developed over thousands of years: Gestures accompanied by sounds could have been the beginnings of language. Smoke signals as used by Native Americans, cave paintings and engravings from the Palaeolithic period dating as far back as 10,000  ¡V 40,000 BC are all forms of expression and are efforts to communicate thoughts and ideas. Long before the telephone was developed and became universally available and before the invention of the electric telegraph, communicating over any significant distance would undoubtedly have been protracted and frustrating with letter mail being among the most popular and relied upon method of communication. Semaphore It seems that  ¡Ã‚ ¥fast ¡Ã‚ ¦ long distance technology began during the French revolution, in the late eighteenth century, when French merchant Claude Chappe used a semaphore telegraph to send messages between the French army at Lille and Paris. This was achieved by using a relay system and by changing the position of the arms which were set upon a mast or tower. A message could be sent considerable distances and it was possible to send a semaphore telegraph the 240 kilometres from Lille to Paris in two minutes. Semaphore telegraphs continued to be popular until the early 19th century, until the electric telegraph was invented. Telegraph The electric telegraph was pioneered...

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nes essays

One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nes essays Analysis ofOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest? Every sixty minutes, when the clock strikes the hour, the cuckoo bird of a cuckoo clock will come out of its hiding place and herald the time with it's chirping ofcuckoo! cuckoo!? In the film, Nurse Ratched and her assistant, like clockwork, call the patients to form a line and receive their medication. Everything has to follow a certain order for Nurse Ratched and those who don't conform are dealt with severely. But the poor treatment of mental patients is not the message that Milo? Forman wishes to convey in the film. It is that our rigid and conformist society punishes and mistreats those who go against the system. Randall McMurphy, as played by Jack Nicholson, is the ultimate non-conformist, having been sent to prison for crimes such as rape. When he arrives at the mental institution, he turns Nurse Ratched's organized, predictable system on its head by gambling, proposing to watch the World Series on television, and even taking the patients on an impromptu, and unauthorized fishing trip. All of this, of course, annoys and disturbs Nurse Ratched to no end. Always dressed in pristine whites, not a hair out of place and her eyebrows perfectly plucked, her rigid control and unwillingness to be flexible to the needs and desires of the patients, represent the majority of society who is not willing to accept radical changes and ostracizes all those who try to introduce them. A third faction of society is represented in the character of Big Chief, a seemingly deaf-mute Indian giant. Big Chief represents all those who see the injustices and mistreatment in society but say nothing because they don't want to get involved. The fact that McMurphy the rebel, draws him out and encourages him to first participate in the basketball game, then to actually speak, shows that many people keep quiet and conform until they just can't take it anymore. The film is rife with symbolism...